This Charette is Not A Tumbril

This Charette isn't A Tumbril This Charette isn't A Tumbril This Charette isn't A Tumbril By Maeve Maddox The secondary school in my locale is going to experience a significant overhaul. I opened the morning paper and read the accompanying title text: Subtleties of tonights secondary school plan charette uncovered Wednesday I was astounded in light of the fact that the main importance for charette/charrette I was familiar with was wheeled truck, similar to the one that pulled Sidney Carton to the guillotine in A Tale of Two Cities. Come to discover, charette, likewise spelled charet, is a term a lot of utilized in urban arranging. Heres the new definition as added to the OED in 2007 charet, n. Mainly N. Amer. (orig. Archit.). A time of extraordinary (gathering) work, commonly attempted so as to fulfill a time constraint. Additionally: a collective workshop concentrating on a specific issue or undertaking; (Town Planning) an open gathering or meeting gave to conversation of a proposed network building venture. [Probably initially concerning the previous custom among French engineering understudies of utilizing a truck to convey their work upon the arrival of a show: see Trã ©sor de la Langue Franã §aise s.v. charrette.] Presently I comprehend when I read something like the accompanying: Herbert said that during the charette, sheets will be furnished with frameworks of the grounds. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Farther versus Further50 Idioms About Roads and PathsPhrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

Pediatrics: Cranial Nerve Examination Essay -- Pediatric Examination

Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI) cranial nerves Albeit every one of these nerves control separate extraocular muscles, they are regularly inspected together because of their nearby utilitarian interrelationships. †¢ Look Like other cranial nerve assessment, start with investigation of the eyes. Take a gander at - The position of the head position: If diplopia is available, the head turned or tilted to limit twofold vision. - Inspect for ptosis and eye position. - Ask the kid to take a gander at an item around five feet away. Analyze the understudies for size, shape, and evenness. Oculomotor nerve paralysis causes mydriasis. Thoughtful paralysis prompts miosis. Ciliary ganglion glitch inside the circle produces Adie’s student with middilated understudies and poor reacts to intermingling. †¢ Ocular arrangement The eyes are regularly equal in all places of look with the exception of intermingling. Squints can be either immobile (paresis of one of the extraocular muscles) or non-disabled (faulty binocular vision). Inborn crippled squints bring about irregular head stances, while the procured ones reason diplopia. Non-incapacitated (corresponding) squints are not related with diplopia. - Looking at light: Sit before the youngster around 1 meter away. Sparkle a light source and request that the kid take a gander at the light. Watch the situation of the light reflexes on the cornea. Regularly, the light reflex is even and marginally nasal to the focal point of every understudy. - Cover test is a decent trial of eye arrangement and is useful to decide the nearness of both show and inert strabismus o Unilateral spread test: Ask the youngster to focus on an item that is ten feet away as though â€Å"their eyes are stuck to the object†. For testing of the correct eye, spread the youngster... ...mpare the nasolabial grooves, which are smooth on the powerless side) - Bell's wonder: Ask the youngster close the eyes. In lower engine neuron VII nerve paralysis, the upward development of the eyeball is seen because of fragmented conclusion of the eyelid. †¢ Taste Sensation - Examine for taste on the front 66% of the tongue, just in those with facial paralysis. - Ask the kid to project the tongue and not to talk during the test. - Apply a little example of sugar, vinegar, salt and quinine arrangements (sweet, sharp, saline and unpleasant) with cotton buds to the other side of the front 66% of the tongue each in turn. - Ask the kid to highlight the taste on a pre-arranged card to bring up the reaction. - Rinse the mouth with water between every example. - Between each test request that the patient flush his mouth with water. - Repeat test on the opposite side of the tongue

How Long Should Your HIIT Workouts Actually Be

How Long Should Your HIIT Workouts Actually Be We all know how important it is to be in a good shape, not just for good looks, but also for our health. It is very important to adjust your diet to be healthy and strong.Therefore, it is crucial to choose a diet that would have a high impact on our productivity and energy.But as much as we eat healthily, sometimes it is not enough to lose enough weight, at least not as much as we would want to.Therefore, the only solution to that problem is a good old workout.Yes, we can go for long walks and steady jogging, but if we wanted to lose weight faster and improve our physical ability and condition, we would require much more intensive training than just a simple walk.That is why we are here today to introduce you to a very specific type of training, called “high-intensity interval training”, or in short HIIT.We will explain what HIIT exactly is, why it is scientifically proven to be very useful and how it helps us reduce our weight faster.After that, we will give some hints on how lo ng should HIIT last, give some workout examples and mention some possible flaws of this type of training.That said, stick with us and let us begin!WHAT DOES HIIT STAND FOR?As mentioned above, HIIT is an acronym of High-Intensity Interval Training.It is a technique of training where you do an exercise faster at a higher intensity for a specific amount of time, then swap to doing the exercise in a slower pace, by reducing its intensity, also for some time.A good example of HIIT I tend to use is running 1 minute at full speed, then walking for a minute, then increase the speed slightly for some time and then doing the sprint again for 15 to 30 seconds, depending on how tired I am.Of course, the workout doesn’t stop after just one cycle, but continues for a couple of cycles, depending on how many of them you can do.Try to aim for around 7-10 cycles.Basically, what you do, is swapping from faster to slower exercise in a couple of minutes.That type of workout helps with boosting up your stamina and eventually, you should be able to hold much longer and to do several more cycles.One of the people who has contributed the most to the use of HIIT workouts instead of using normal cardio workouts is Japanese scientist Izumi Tabata.With the popularity of his research, he managed to popularize the overall technique with the type of HIIT interval called “20 seconds exercise, 10 seconds rest”.You can find out more about Tabata exercise in the video below. It is a very popular HIIT exercise used throughout the world by both professionals and amateurs.Tabata exercise is considered the best HIIT workout when we consider the time needed to perform it, which is only 4 minutes.Therefore, it is very time-effective for the people who work a lot but still wants to be healthy and fit.WHAT ARE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS REGARDING HIIT?Let us examine the study Izumi Tabata conducted on a group of Olympic skaters, where he had tested the influence of his “20 seconds work, 10 seconds restâ € training against the influence of regular steady cardio training on their stamina.The test was done by using room bikes.Subjects who were subjected to the Tabata exercise did 8 cycles of his “20 seconds drill, 10 seconds rest” at maximum 170% of VO2, while those who were doing regular cardio exercise did a steady paced cardio, that is often used at maximum 70% of VO2.The results were amazing! People who were doing Tabata’s exercise had their stamina increased more than the people who had been doing regular cardio training.After that point, more studies have been conducted and all of them showed that high-intensity interval training is more efficient when it comes to weight loss and growth of stamina than the regular cardio exercise that has been used as the most efficient way of doing it until then.To some people, this information was very shocking, because it would mean that 4-7 minute exercise gave better results than 30-40 minutes of riding a bike or jogging.It means tha t very busy people could actually use this training to improve their health and stamina because they would need just several minutes instead of around full hour or more for the normal exercise.That way, the people who were claiming they had no time to work out would not be able to do it again, hence, it could actually make them practice a bit more, because, as we have already said, it is very important to do some type of workout every day, in order to keep your body and mind healthy.Yes, the workout is important for the brain as well.Though there are some mindfulness exercises that help you train your brain, it is also important to do your workout regularly, because the brain is linked to all other parts of the body.HIIT VS FATPreviously, we mentioned that HIIT is more efficient in burning fat than some regular cardio training. Now, let us see why that is true.Let’s start with explaining what the main goal of HIIT is.When doing a HIIT, your main goal is to increase your heart rate to reach 85-90% of the maximum heart rate possible.When your heart works within that interval, it means that your body is functioning anaerobically, or in other words, without oxygen.This later leads to excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, or in other words EPOC, which is also known by a different name, simply as the afterburn effect.The afterburn effect represents the number of calories burned after you are done with your exercise.It basically means that your body will need some time to recover itself from doing the exercise, and during that time it will burn more calories, even while you are resting because the exercise itself was very intense and your body needs some time to catch up to it.Now, let us see what happens in your body when you go out for some jogging, for example.Would you get the same results or not?When we are running at some normal speed, our body does not use the anaerobic system.On the contrary, the energy system it uses is aerobic, which is, as you might h ave already guessed, a complete opposite of anaerobic.While working aerobically, our body uses oxygen to power itself and the muscles.And because of that, there is no afterburn effect, leading to the conclusion, which is that your body will not burn additional calories after you have completed the exercise.Well, now we know how exactly both HIIT and regular cardio training work.We no understand for what reasons is the HIIT more efficient than its cardio competitor and why it is considered to be one of the most efficient ways of exercise for burning the fat and losing some weight.HOW LONG SHOULD HIIT LAST?Ha! Considering this question, there are a lot of different opinions.Some claim it should last around an hour, some claim more, some even goes to the lengths to say that it takes just 7 minutes of a workout to do the efficient HII training.Of course, all people are different, so some people can do HIIT a bit longer than others.Therefore you should start small, with the recommended l ength and then adjust it to your needs and possibilities.The general opinion is that if your HIIT exercise took you longer than 30 minutes, it means that you have not pushed yourself enough and that the afterburn effects that should have come out of it would be lesser and not on optimal levels.Apart from that, some claim that if your HIIT exercise takes less than 15 minutes, it means that you did push yourself, but it also means that you overstepped and didn’t reach that optimal afterburn effect that you would have gotten if you had worked a bit more.That’s why it is important to motivate yourself to be more open to doing a workout, even when you are not in the mood.So, if you still want us to give you some specific interval to work out, we could say around 20-30 minutes.Of course, as said above, it really depends on how much of it you can endure and whether you are motivated enough to continue even if you are not working enough.As you have probably noticed in the previous text, when we had mentioned Izumi Tabata and the workout he brought to us, you can do his exercise in around 4 minutes, but in order for it to be effective, you need to do it for several cycles.So, without any further due, try to keep that in mind and take your lifestyle and personal ability into account when you start planning your own HIIT, because it could either be longer or shorter, depending on a variety of different factors.The general guideline to help you is, what we have already said, around 20-30 minutes, depending on your current stamina and physical readiness.People who are more physically prepared are capable of doing longer and more intense HIIT, so if you are not one of those people, do not worry, you can workout at your own pace, by gradually increasing your workout times over time.WHAT ARE POSSIBLE FLAWS OF HIIT?Despite being very useful for increasing your stamina level and reducing your weight, the high-intensity interval training is not for everyone, so you should th ink carefully whether it is for you or not.So strap in and let us see what are the flaws of HIIT.1. HIIT can cause a lot of stressFirst of all, HIIT could cause a lot of stress, because it is very hard to do this type of exercise.It can often get very demanding, both physically and mentally.So, it is very important that you know your limits and finds out if you have what it takes to do this type of exercise.Of course, people will say that some amount of stress is useful to both your body and mind and they would be right to say so.Without any stress, our mind and body would become too dormant and kind of not interested in anything, which could lead to us not carrying about pain, other people and the things that are happening around us all the time, which is of course not good.On the other hand, a lot of stress is also not good for us, because when we are overstressed, it can be seen by other people, and apart from that, it could also cause some damage to our body and mind as well, wh ich is a very bad thing to happen.We live in a modern time, where there are a lot of things happening around us that influence our stress levels.Simple things, like a family fight, traffic jam or a bad day at work all contribute to the stress level and that is why they should all be included when we intend to plan how long would our HIIT exercise take.If you lead a very busy life, it wouldn’t be too good to add another 45 minutes of stress with HIIT, so that’s why you need to take everything into account.On the other hand, if you are well rested, you sleep well or just have something that you use to vent out your stress, then it would be a good idea for you to incorporate HIIT exercise during the week.For example, 3-4 times per week with the HIIT lasting around 20-30 minutes each.That way you will manage your stress level easily and be able to workout enough for you to reach that goal, whether it is to lose some weight or to increase your stamina level.2. HIIT is not useful for bodybuildingAll throughout the text, we have mention how HIIT has the positive effects on stamina level, how it helps if you need to lose some weight and maintain very good muscular activity, but we have never mentioned anything about its influence on bodybuilding.That is the case because there is no influence.HIIT exercise is just not made for increasing your strength and becoming large like Arnold Schwarzenegger.If your goal is just that, then you have to do another type of training, with more weight lifting included.There are a couple of ways of doing this, but the traditional one is to focus on training one muscle family per training.For example, people usually train biceps or triceps, leg muscles or back muscles independently.There are a couple of more new ways of doing it, but it is not the topic of this text, but you can check other articles if you are more interested in that.For now, we will focus on HIIT exercises and how it can help people who are ready to invest themselve s in it.HIIT WORKOUT EXAMPLESThere are a lot of types of HIIT exercises, depending on the time needed and exercises included.You can also combine multiple simple exercises in order to create your own customized training.Therefore we cannot recommend just one type of HIIT.It all depends on your preference and your ability to do certain types of exercises.Some may suit you more, some not, so try to find the best combination for yourself.If you really have no clue which ones would you prefer and you do not have time to experiment, you can check this video, which describes my personal favorite HIIT exercises. We will list some of the most common types of HIIT workout below, so stick with us and let’s find the perfect HIIT workout for you!1. Walk, sprint, walkThis is the simplest HIIT workout you can do. The idea is to walk for 30 seconds, then to sprint for 30 seconds.This way you will speed up your heart rate and reach that afterburn effect we had previously talked about.Of course, y ou should do this in cycles, ranging from 10-15, depending on your current stamina level. The more the merrier, but make sure not to get too tired, because the point of this is not to fall down out of exhaustion, but to gradually increase your stamina.2. Run, sprint, runThe same concept applies here, except that instead of walking you have to run.This exercise is generally much harder, but if you feel ready enough you can start from this one, instead of starting with the first one.However, if you feel like you are not capable of pulling it off, you should either start with the first exercise or reduce the number of cycles to around 5-7 and see if you can make it.3. Push me up to infinity!Yes, you have probably guessed this one right. As the name suggests, this exercise consists of doing infinite pushups.The idea is to do 10 pushups at a time with 15-30 seconds rest between each cycle.Since this exercise has infinity in its name, there is no real limit on how many cycles you can do.B ut, even the most experienced people tend not to do more than 10 cycles.So, if you are a beginner, try with a smaller number, of let’s say, maximum 5 cycles. You can also combine it with other exercises, and create your own cycle, which would contain several different exercises.4. Squatting without stoppingSame as the previous one, this one is infinite, you can do it as many times you want and are physically able to.The idea is the same, do 10 squats per cycle, and repeat it as much as you can, with 15-30 seconds rest between each cycle.This can be very exhausting, so tread carefully and if you feel like you will drop, stop and take a longer rest, or just plan your squat cycles more appropriately so you maximize your efficiency.5. Pushups + SquatsOne of the most common exercises is to combine pushups and squats, and by squats, we mean air squats.Again, the idea is generally the same, do 10 pushups, each followed by an air squat and then repeat for 10 cycles if you can endure it. I f not, just reduce the number of cycles you are doing and you should be good.Also, this one can also be very tiring so be mindful of that and make longer rest intervals or reduce the number of cycles so you would reach the optimal efficiency.6. Infinite BurpeesIf you hated the previous one, you will hate this one even more. It’s a combination of the previous exercise with some additional tweaks.The general idea is the same as before, with the addition that rest intervals could be increased to 30-60 seconds.So, do the same, 10 cycles, with the rest interval of 30-60 seconds.7. Sit and JumpWhat you need to do here is do 10 sit-ups followed by standing up and jumping vertically into the air as much as you can.After each cycle, rest up for 30-60 seconds.You can also combine this exercise with some of the previous ones to make it even harder if you think you are up for it.8. Jumping SealNo, you will not ride a seal! Don’t get your hopes up. This drill has gotten its name because of t he navy seals.Anyway, the idea is to do 50 jumps with your hands in front and then waving horizontally while jumping.This should be done as fast as possible, but you need to make sure to maintain a good rhythm. If you feel like you are going too fast you can slow your pace.The rest interval is between 45-60 seconds. Try to repeat this exercise as much as possible, but let’s say 10 cycles would be more than enough.FINAL WORDThere you go, people! Now you know what HIIT really is, why it is very useful when it comes to losing weight or just improving your stamina level.You know what are its benefits and weaknesses, so you can now start training and choosing the right HIIT workout for you out of the all we have mentioned or just combine some of the exercises and create your own HIIT workout plan if you feel like it.

The Theme of Misunderstanding in Charlotte Brontes Jane...

The Theme of Misunderstanding in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre and Jean Rhys Wide Sargasso Sea In both classical novels Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte a Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys the theme of misunderstanding is represented very widely. Both Victorian era dramatical romantic fictions have some impact in them from their respective authors. Brontes lonliness is transformed into Jane Eyres Character whom mostly all characters in the novel misunderstand her until they truly get to recognize her which is towards the end of the novel. Jane Eyre! Such a cute little responsible girl. Not everybody sees her that way even though Charlotte Bronte portrayed her to the best of her ability. Jane looks for her true identity as she is†¦show more content†¦Rochester that she doesn’t even take a glance at Rochester’s past and the ironic events which took place at the Thornfield Hall. To her when she finds out from kind Mr. Richard Mason, Bertha’s beloved brother, that Bertha is an insane first Mrs. Rochester, she just runs away to avoid the temptation. Jean Rhys like Jane invests some events and facts from her life into the character and life of protagonists in their own respective way into their novels. Wide Sargasso Sea, the background novel of Jane Eyre, is instead in Bertha’s point of view which also includes Antoinette (Berthas alter ego) who is a creole woman like Jean Rhys herself , because they both spoke Carribean language derived from combination of English and French. who was sometimes misunderstood along with the mistreatments done on her. Bertha is just mentally ill and has memory loss problem which leads to her being locked away in a room where there is nothing but her bed. â€Å"There is one window high up- you cannot see out of it. My bed had doors but they have been taken away. There is not much else in the room,† as exclaimed by Bertha from Wide Sargasso Sea. â€Å"I thought that when I saw him and spoke to him I would be wise as serpents, harmless as doves. ‘I will give you all I have freely,’ I would say, ‘and I will not trouble you again if you will let me go.’ But he never came,† exclaims Bertha. She just wants freedom. Just give it to her for God Sake! would you? StopShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre : A True Love Story1875 Words   |  8 PagesJean Rhys and Charlotte Bronte agitated their pieces of work during different times and come from two different backgrounds. Although these things set these two women apart, their use of symbolism can be closely compared to one another. Wide Sargasso Sea, the prelude to Jane Eyre, paints a picture of how accounts and understandings differ from each novel, creating a sense of characters pasts being unavoidable. The Wide Sargasso Sea is an imaginative and innovative rejoinder to Charlotte Bronte’s

High School And College Are Educational Grounds For A Student

High school and college are educational grounds for a student to enrich their life with knowledge. Having an education is an important aspect of life. It is essential in any work field and provides a person with the tools to achieve self-improvement and success. When transitioning from high school to college can be gratifying but also challenging. High School and college are both forms of education; however, they differ in responsibility, grading standards, and teaching standards. To begin with, in high school a student is considered a child; parents and teachers are constantly reminding them of their responsibilities. Whenever a student is absent in a class a teacher will inform the student about their missing work and would often provide†¦show more content†¦While in College students have to take responsibility for themselves. A college student is considered an adult and does not need to be treated like a baby. In college students are expected to register themselves and pick the classes that they want and only ask for help when needed. They are held responsible for getting to class on time, doing their own work, and turning the work in on time. If a student is absent they have to get notes that they missed in class from another student. A professor will not provide the student with missing assignments. Parents of college students are not active in their child’s lives. They have no say in what their child is learning, no access to the childâ⠂¬â„¢s grades and do not bother to make appointments or associate with the professors. A parent cannot see a student’s grade unless they have written permission from the student. It is not required for a student to attended college; it is an option. In college students have to set priorities and have to manage their time, they do not have their parents or professors pushing them to do better or stay focus they have to do all that om their own they are held accountable for themselves. Furthermore, grading standards in high school are completely different from college grading standards. Teachers in high school give grades for all of the work that is assigned. Teachers also give a lot of assignments through the school year.

Disabled Monologue Free Essays

Disabled Monologue Setting: [Fruit Man walks to the center of the stage] Fruit Man:I remember the day he left and the day he returned. Crowds cheered him off but only a few welcomed him home. The fact was that nobody had cared enough to go out of their way to see the negative aspects of the war they once had encouraged. We will write a custom essay sample on Disabled Monologue or any similar topic only for you Order Now I saw them return, one by one, leaving the ships, almost all of them broken in a way, physically or mentally. They deserved thanks, so I gave them fruits, an action that would mean little when they left, but means the world to them now. This soldier, I was there as he went and came, and I have seen everything. Today, unlike a year ago, no big welcome home for them. They were not welcomed home as they had expected they would be. Thousands came to send them off and cheer them on. Soldiers happily marching down the streets, waving to cheering crowds, accepting flowers from pretty girls. Some cheeky soldiers may even steal a kiss here and there. It was so joyous, proud and honourable. Everything was rosy and good. Everyone thought it would be a short war and a happy one and of course we will win. No one gave a thought about anyone getting hurt or killed. He had once been so young and virile. Now he is crippled, unattractive. He had been foolish when he was young; the media persuaded him that the war was glorious, fun and glamorous. It was cool wearing an army uniform and carrying a rifle. It was exciting, an adventure and maybe returning a hero with a medal. AAH, the pretty girls and the kisses, the good things to come. The young soldier isn’t thinking about getting hurt or killed. Then, the reality! It is wrong that society does not appreciate the hardships and sacrifices that were made on their behalf. Almost none of the soldiers’ work was grand, glorious or fun. Their work was necessary. Most of this work goes against what we cherish in our society. We were taught that ‘life is valuable’ and ‘violence is bad’. This war, a war nobody wants. He was such a handsome man, a ladies man before he joined the army. Now, broken, haggard and older than his real age. No women will look twice at him. They much prefer healthy ones. Heroes are strong and big. Heroes do not get injured. Girls do not want to be with cripples. How he must hate this. He used to get so much attention from the girls. What a hopeless life. He does not want pity or disgust. He wants admiration and love. Memories can be so cruel. It is quite depressing to see that he will be sent to an army hospital. I am sure experiments after experiments will be done trying to fix him until they decide that they are nothing they can do for him. He will be discharged and live alone on government handouts. What a terrible life lies ahead. He will be alone, helpless and he will never experience the love of a woman or have a family. The poor man, how much he has LOST. How to cite Disabled Monologue, Essay examples

Exploring Comorbid Use Of Marijuana Tobacco â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Exploring Comorbid Use Of Marijuana Tobacco? Answer: Introduction: It has been estimated that alcohol addiction is experienced by more than one quarter of Maori people in their teenage life. The most vulnerable group that is highly affected by this addiction is the young individuals who are in their adolescence stage and this account to about 27%. This has been found to be the third cause of disorders in the teenagers after anxiety disorder (31%) .Moreover alcohol addiction was found to be the third leading cause of hospitalization for young teenagers in the Maori community which accounted for about 82 for 100000 between the year 2003 and 2005 (Jackson et al., 2016). It has been found that alcohol addiction disorders usually coexist with different types of mental health problems. Te Rau Hinengaro has been successful in finding out that 40% of those young individuals who have this form of substance misuse disorder also tend to develop anxiety disorder and among them about 29% have coexisting mood disorder. The following report will mainly discuss the issue in details, look over the initiatives done by the government and will also states how the government should try to aggravate the effects. This will also have recommendations with rationale Healthcare both private and public governance systems can take for benefit of Maori teenagers. Issues that occur when teenagers become addicted to alcohol: Different disorders remain associated with substance abuse in young people of Maori. These are different types of Mental Health disorders or chronic general health problem. Such individuals are also exposed to various accidental as well as intentional injury and even they. Violence and criminal offending all remain associated with this addiction (White, Walton Walker 2015). Moreover different types of negative work along with various educational social and financial consequences are also seem to arise because of the development of this habit. In case of girls it has been seen that substance abuse disorder have high effects on fetal development in their reproductive age and therefore it leads to issues during pregnancy. Prevalence among Maori teenagers and non Maoris: Different literature articles have stated that a alrhe number of alcohol related issues has been reported among young Maoris and as half of the Maori population is below 24 years of age they are especially affected by this addiction. Maori young people are more negatively affected by alcohol than non Maori in the country of New Zealand. Maori people (accounting to about 76%) who are aged 18 years and over state themselves as alcohol addicts and 36% of the rest identify themselves as binge drinkers. Moreover it is also said that the severe alcohol related problems in young are more than twice that of the non Maori normally. Moreover Maori young people also experience harms from their own as well as from their friends drinking habit. Also suggest that Maoris are 4 times more likely to die of alcohol related problems in a very tender age than that of an on Maori. It has been found that the Maori culture as fit as well as tolerate and open celebrate been drinking and getting drunk. Minis try of health had published results of the research conducted in the statistical analysis where is was found that hazardous drinking rates had found to be raised among young adults out of which 44% are male and 30% of them are female. They usually belong to the age group of 18 to 24. Moreover they are also found to have the highest rate of weekly binge drinking. This accounts for about six or more drinks on a particular occasion for about 20%. Hazardous drinking is found to increase in all age groups. This is said so as drinking rates have been seen to decline from 18% in 2006/07 to 15% in 2011/12. However, the rate again increased to 19% in 2015/16 (Annual Update of Key Results 2015/16, New Zealand Health Survey). The normalization of alcohol has been seen to be accepted by the culture and it is also believe that offering alcohol is considered as one of the part of being a proper host in the Maori culture (dAbass, 20150. It is very interesting to see that young people liking for al cohol to be increasingly being linked to their identity and take this edition as a normal course of life cycle. 43% of Maori consume alcohol when they are 14 years or even younger to them which is significantly more than the total population of about 32% of New Zealand. It has been also found that 45% of Maori who are between the age of 15 to 17 get drunk the most recent time they drank alcohol and 25% of them reported that they had planned to do so. They have perceptions that it is acceptable to drink in many situations. They have perceptions that it is acceptable to drink in many situations. Barriers faced by the teenage Maoris: 2007 to 2008 New Zealand alcohol and drug use survey have done researches and stated that 1 % of women and 2% of men had been successful to get help in reduction of the level of alcohol consumption in the past year. in addition to this it was also seen that 1.2% of Maori young wanted help for reducing the drinking habit but they did not receive it. The iwi governance and the New Zealand system of the government have seen that there are many barriers which prevent the young people from getting access to healthcare for treatment of their addiction. They have identified that psychosocial factors such as fear for about 34%, social pressure for about 27% and also lack of time for about 9% are some of the reasons which have acted as barriers in helping the adolescence to get help from the Health Care Centers. It is also seen that different organizational barriers also exist (Medina-Mora et al., 2015). The individuals of the Maori are not well educated and knowledgeable and therefore they d o not know where to go (26%), No appropriate service, unable to come in touch with the service, no local service available, lack of Transportation system, appointment time and suitable cost Of Health Care treatment. Therefore they are of the opinion that there are a large proportion of people who want help for their drinking habits but there is also a larger proportion of Maori people are yet to recognize that their drinking is a big problem for them as that might affect their future. How the government should handle the issue effectively: The government therefore should take an important role in managing the present issue which are faced by the Maori in young people regarding their drinking habits. It is mainly to bring out different kinds of initiative which would management the Maori people to shift their focus from alcohol drinking and perform more productive activities in their life. They should be given the scope of trying out different forms of activities which might include different co curricular activities as well as proper schooling where they can learn about the negative aspects of drinking. Education is one of the most important social determinants of Health and therefore it is the duty of the government to introduce proper education systems for the young individuals (Ashton et al., 2014). Only introducing education systems will not be enough as government also have to take the initiative that proper monitoring body are allocated for the different schools and colleges so that it can be noticed that whether the education system are bringing out benefits for the young individuals and also describe the modification in the thought process of the Young individuals after schooling and health promotion programs are implemented. As the idea of drinking alcohol in inculcated in their culture, it would be a very difficult ask for the government to erase away the the habit of drinking from their tradition but they can take some of the important initiatives which would help them to become more responsible with their health. Introducing education systems and establishing Health Promotion program in the community it is also important to develop proper engagement plan of the Maori people so that they do not go for binge drinking. They can be allocated for different types of handicraft activities, co curricular activity and many others so that they remain busy and do not think of drinking alcohol. And other important initiatives that the government should take in this regard is to develop a policy w hich would act as a guidance for the parents of such individuals and help them to tackle their children in a more skilled way. a very interesting fact was found by the government when they had conducted the survey among the many people. They have stated that Whanau has influence on its members when it comes to drinking (Kypri et al., 2014). In the Search it was found out that 19% of parents thought it was acceptable for their teenagers to get drunk in certain cases. 57% of the parents also admitted that day or other parent caregiver took part in the supply of alcohol to the teenagers therefore the government should also target the parents and other members of the group so that they can provide them with information on the harms of drinking and how they can take proper measures to keep their children safe. The policy will mainly be including encouragement in the delay of the onset of drinking habits for their children, and they should also reconsider before supply alcohol to their te enager children. Therefore education, proper engagement of the children in different activities, financial support to the different families, and introducing guidelines for empowering the paper parents on the discus topic which will help controlling the issue of drinking among young children to a great extent. Different initiatives taken by the government over the years to reduce drinking habits: Different initiate have been taken by the government over the years point one of them is the Crown entity Reform Act which was passed in the year 2012. comprised of three separate app which are the New Zealand public health and disability Amendment Act, the mental health Commission Amendment Act and the charities Amendment Act. another was also the blueprint to act which mainly provided a ten-year guide in the year 2012 to improve the delivery of Mental Health and addiction services. It recognized that resources such as funding and workforce are are needed to be increased. The vision of the blueprint to was mainly made through enhancing the cost sector collaboration that intern involved with the government as well as community sector and also help in increasing the amount of flexibility DHBs have in the way that the recent mental health funding is used point this weekend mainly comprised of key sectors which included education help justice social mental health and addiction sector (B urns, 2015). This involved and introduction of a stepped care as it would involve intervening in the least intrusive way intrusive way so that the best Resorts can be caught. We should ensure that all the services and matching with the needs of the client. Blueprint 2 has included mental health and addiction issues in children and young people earlier so that they can reduce the lifetime impact. It also consisted of other positively influencing high risk pathways which included providing earlier as well as more and more effective responses for different young and young adults who are at risk or who are involved in social justice or forensic mental health or addiction services. He Nuka Mo Nga Taitamariki is also another work plan for children and youth mental health services where they identified the high priority groups to receive additional funding. It is included firstly the Maori children and other young people from the whanau (Goodwin et al., 2016). Secondly it applied on pacifi c children and young adults and then children and young people with several multiple needs along with their families/wh?nau/ caregivers and fourthly, groups with other areas of high need. It is included the (rural groups, those with alcohol and drug dependency, those at risk of suicide and those experiencing stigma). A current policy which is planned by the by the Ministry of Healths plan is the Te Tahuhu 2005 to 2015 which included different factors. This included the increase of the services which are funded keeping in mind the children and young people it also contained building a workforce which would be delivering services for the children and also for the young people (Barnes et al., 2017). It also included improvement of the availability as well as access to different quality addiction services and thereby strengthens the alignment between the addiction services as well as services for people with mental illness. They have correctly recognized that problem gambling and substa nce abuse have become increasing problems for many young people. Three principles Of the Treaty of Waitangi which would be included in the recommended programs: They should follow the three important principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. Proper partnership involving the working together with the different Maori communities and providing appropriate health services and disability services is the first principles (Hutton Right, 2015). The second is the principle of participation which involves the Maoris to be involved in all the levels of health and disability factors and also include them in decision making, development and delivery of health services. The other one is called the protection principle which involves the government to ensure that the Maoris have the same level of health like that of the non Maori and also protect their cultural preferences, values and practices. First recommendation: establishment of healthcare centers with efficient and culturally competent healthcare professionals The first recommendation that should be provided for the proper handling of the sensitive issue of alcohol drinking in the young individuals is the establishment of proper Primary Health Care Centers where they can visit in order to tackle the issue of alcohol addiction. Health Care Centers should also increase in number so that each and every community of the Maori people have a proper ratio of Health Care Centre to that of Maori teenagers (Lyons et al., 2015). Moreover the quality of service provided by the health professionals in the nursing centers in the community should also improve so that we can meet the demands and expectations of the patients who come there for the treatment (Kypri et al., 2013). The Healthcare professionals who would be appointed for working as members of the Healthcare Team should be aware of substance misuse and addiction and thereby provide patients with empowerment tools and provide for scoptes to different types of addiction and consider routine scree ning of the patients who arrive for treatment. They should also be culturally aware of their preferences and thereby use proper questioning method to know about the concerns of the patient without harming their cultural preferences. They should be using proper identification or formal screening tools to know about their cultural consideration and the intensity of their addiction,. They should also use culturally appropriate processes and at the same time assess the level of risk and thereby manage the other disorders which often follow alcohol addiction. They should also provide motivation to patient to seek for treatment and thereby established the concept of the patient of what wellbeing is meant to them in order to set a treatment goal (Bertholet et al., 2016). They should also maintain engagement and motivation among the patients so that they were remain adhered to the treatment. They should also develop monitoring bodies that would monitor the adherence of the patients to treat ment Strategies and also prevent relapse. Installing a feeling of self motivation and self responsibility will help the patients to overcome their addiction. Second recommendation: implementation of healthcare projects for health promotion in every residential community of the Maori people. Effective health promotion program organized by expert professional will help in handling the issue of alcohol addiction in teenagers Maori form the very root. The previous recommendation is the curative measure whereas this would be the preventive measure taken for the benefit of the Maori teenagers (Gupta et al., 2016). A proper research plan would be finalized by the teams where they would be mainly determining the social determinants of health that are mainly resulting in the occurrence of the disorders. After identification of the social determinants of health which may be either cultural tradition, low financial income, improper education, poor access to health care centers others. After recognizing this, the experts should plan out education mediums to help them overcome each of the determinants of health with quality workshops, strategies and proper health education planning (Utter et al., 2017). Avery helpful framework that can be applied by the healthcare professionals are the FRAMES approach. it is a kind of intervention where each of the six letters of the word FRAMES help in providing a step towards managing the behaviors of the Maori teenagers helping them to overcome nay behavioral disorders, addictions of similar others. F stands for feedback where the health promotion experts would be providing feedback to the Maori teenagers about the rationale explaining why alcohol use may result in the causing of disorders and poor quality life. By making them included in the program, they would be given the scope of striking a partnership where they would themselves be benefitted from the health promotion program (Nelson, White Newcombe, 2015). The next letter R stands for responsibility where the teenagers need to be encouraged to take the responsibility for changing their addiction behaviour and in the following way they may be actively participating in the program where their culture, tradition, autonomy and also dignity will be cared for besides makin g them responsible for their changing the particular behaviour. Following letter A stands for advice where strategies for reducing drinking habits will be provided. The next letter is M where the experts should give them menu of options by providing them information for visiting other services from where they will receive protection and help. The letter E stands for empathy where the healthcare professionals need to acknowledge to them that although the process may be difficulty but in long run they will have health gains. The last would be Self efficacy where the experts would be praising and encouraging the teenagers for their willingness to consider a change (Moewaka et al., 2016). All these would be arranged by a good number of professional and proper planning which will help in bringing out behavioral change and will be mainly preventive in nature. Third recommendation: establishment of policy at local levels beside national levels so that each and every Maori community can be included and addressed for changes. Proper policies need to be adopted after through discussion with the Maori heads and making them participate in the decision making. They should act in partnership while developing the local policies for the Maori teenagers before them so that they feel that their autonomy and dignity is not threatened (Bertholet et al., 2015). Moreover the third principle of protections will also be inculcated in very interventions of the theory. First, the audience of the policy would be the teenagers themselves and also their parents and family members. This policy would provide them with guidelines about how simple steps can help them change their lives (Clark et al., 2013). Suggestions for engaging in different co curricular activities should be entertained and the local community should therefore develop workshops, employment centers where they can earn their pocket money as well. Keeping them engaged will lessen their chance to engage in groups where smoking is promoted. Secondly, schools of t he community will be instructed to include education about smoking harms making them aware of the ill effects they might face in future. This education in school should be made mandatory to reduce the risk of smoking habits. The thinking of the parents also needs to be changed and therefore they should also be provided health education and guidelines through this policy (Kypri et al., 2015). They would be instructed to follow the guidelines and contact respective authorities if they are unable to handle the behaviors of their teenagers (Lyoins Gough, 2017). For effective reduction of the drinking habits for the teenagers, parents need to set an example by themselves. Similar other issues will be noted down in policy before rolling them to the residents of the communities of Maori. Conclusion: Smoking habits are found to have reached large extent among the Maori teenagers. Cultural traditions, low financial stability, lack of health literacy and low employment scopes aggravate the issue. Various crimes, murders, occurrence of co morbid disorders, loss of quality life in future, low academic performance and others all take place due to this habit. Various policies have been provided over the years which are working at a slow pace and trying to help such individuals with proper services. However both preventive and curative measures are important and for this reason recommendations are proposed following the principles of Waitangi. Establishment of healthcare centers in every community with perfect ratio of healthcare professional and Maori teenagers is important. The professionals should be efficient and culturally competent. Secondly, health promotion program for behavioral change of the teenagers would be taken into consideration. Lastly, local policies addressing every M aori household would be suggested. All these would aggravate the pace of the reduction of the drinking habits of the teenagers and provide them a successful future life. References: 2015/16 New Zealand Health Survey. (2017).https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/alcohol-use-2012-13-new-zealand-health-survey-feb15-v2.pdf. Retrieved 30 September 2017, from https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/alcohol-use-2015-16-new-zealand-health-survey-feb15-v2.pdf Ashton, L. M., Hutchesson, M. J., Rollo, M. E., accounting, P. J., Collins, C. E. (2014). A scoping review of risk behaviour interventions in young men.BMC public health,14(1), 957. Barnes, H. M., Niland, P., Samu, L., Sciascia, A. D., McCreanor, T. (2017). 5 Ethnicity/culture, alcohol and social media.Youth Drinking Cultures in a Digital World: Alcohol, Social Media and Cultures of Intoxication, 80. Bertholet, N., Cunningham, J. A., Faouzi, M., Gaume, J., Gmel, G., Burnand, B., Daeppen, J. B. (2015). Internet?based brief intervention for young men with unhealthy alcohol use: A randomized controlled trial in a general population sample.Addiction,110(11), 1735-1743. Bertholet, N., Daeppen, J. B., Cunningham, J. A., Burnand, B., Gmel, G., Gaume, J. (2016). Are young men who overestimate drinking by others more likely to respond to an electronic normative feedback brief intervention for unhealthy alcohol use?.Addictive behaviors,63, 97-101. Burns, S. (2015). Sexual health, alcohol and the university environment: is there a need for sexual health promotion intervention?.Sexual health,12(3), 269-271. Clark, T. C., Robinson, E., Crengle, S., Sheridan, J., Jackson, N., Ameratunga, S. (2013). Binge drinking among Maori secondary school students in New Zealand: associations with source, exposure and perceptions of alcohol use.The New Zealand Medical Journal (Online),126(1370). dAbbs, P. (2015). Reform and resistance: Exploring the interplay of alcohol policies with drinking cultures and drinking practices.Contemporary Drug Problems,42(2), 118-129. Goodwin, I., Griffin, C., Lyons, A., McCreanor, T., Moewaka Barnes, H. (2016). Precarious popularity: Facebook drinking photos, the attention economy, and the regime of the branded self.Social Media+ Society,2(1), 2056305116628889. Gupta, H., Pettigrew, S., Lam, T., Tait, R. J. (2016). A systematic review of the impact of exposure to internet-based alcohol-related content on young people's alcohol use behaviours.Alcohol and alcoholism,51(6), 763-771. Hutton, F., Wright, S. (2015). You dont ditch your girls: young M?ori and Pacific women and the culture of intoxication.Critical Public Health,25(1), 101-119. Jackson, N., Denny, S., Sheridan, J., Zhao, J., Ameratunga, S. (2016). The role of neighborhood disadvantage, physical disorder, and collective efficacy in adolescent alcohol use: a multilevel path analysis.Health place,41, 24-33. Kypri, K., Davie, G., McElduff, P., Langley, J., Connor, J. (2015). Effects of lowering the alcohol minimum purchasing age on weekend hospitalised assaults of young M?ori in New Zealand.Drug and alcohol review,34(3), 299-303. Kypri, K., McCambridge, J., Vater, T., Bowe, S. J., Saunders, J. B., Cunningham, J. A., Horton, N. J. (2013). Web?based alcohol intervention for M?ori university students: double?blind, multi?site randomized controlled trial. auditing,108(2), 331-338. Kypri, K., Vater, T., Bowe, S. J., Saunders, J. B., Cunningham, J. A., Horton, N. J., McCambridge, J. (2014). Web-based alcohol screening and brief intervention for university students: a randomized trial.Jama,311(12), 1218-1224. Lyons, A. C., Gough, B. (2017). 4 Masculinities, alcohol consumption and social networking.Youth Drinking Cultures in a Digital World: Alcohol, Social Media and Cultures of Intoxication, 66. Lyons, A. C., Goodwin, I., McCreanor, T., Griffin, C. (2015). Social networking and young adults drinking practices: Innovative qualitative methods for health behavior research.Health Psychology,34(4), 293. Medina-Mora, M. E., Monteiro, M., Room, R., Rehm, J., Jernigan, D., Snchez-Moreno, D., Real, T. (2015). Alcohol Use and Alcohol Use Disorders.Disease Control Priorities,4, 127-43. Moewaka Barnes, H., McCreanor, T., Goodwin, I., Lyons, A., Griffin, C., Hutton, F. (2016). Alcohol and social media: drinking and drunkenness while online.Critical Public Health,26(1), 62-76. Nelson, S., White, J., Newcombe, R. (2015). Young peoples alcohol use during first smoking experience [In Fact]. Niland, P., McCreanor, T., Lyons, A. C., Griffin, C. (2017). Alcohol marketing on social media: young adults engage with alcohol marketing on facebook.Addiction Research Theory,25(4), 273-284. Tebb, K. P., Erenrich, R. K., Jasik, C. B., Berna, M. S., Lester, J. C., Ozer, E. M. (2016). Use of theory in computer-based interventions to reduce alcohol use among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review.BMC public health,16(1), 517. Utter, J., Denny, S., Teevale, T., Sheridan, J. (2017). Energy drink consumption among New Zealand adolescents: associations with mental health, health risk behaviours and body size.Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. White, J., Walton, D., Walker, N. (2015). Exploring comorbid use of marijuana, tobacco, and alcohol among 14 to 15-year-olds: findings from a national survey on adolescent substance use.BMC public health,15(1), 233.

William Blake free essay sample

Chart Outlining Incidents of Dramatic Irony Example of Dramatic Irony from Acts I II|CharactersInvolved|Sympathy? Antipathy? |Reason your sympathies lean as they do|Evidence – Lines and Explanation of Effect| Everyone in Denmark thinks King Hamlet died by a snake bite ,but the audience knows HamletIs aware of his father’s real cause of death. |Hamlet|I feel sympathy|He found out the murderer of his father and he must have felt sad and mad. |Prince Hamlet saw the ghost of his father, the old king of Denmark, and was told by him that Claudius, his uncle, murdered him by poisoning him to death. He started to have feelings of hatred towards Claudius ,to the point, he began to plot against Claudius’s life. | |Claudius|I feel antipathy |He lied to everyone about the death of king Hamlet to take over the throne. He is an assassin. |Claudius is the responsible of killing the old King of Denmark ,and he lied to everyone in the kingdom , so he could take over the throne and take the widow of king hamlet as his queen. We will write a custom essay sample on William Blake or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He would do anything to keep his secret from being discovered, to the point, he tried to kill Hamlet. Polonius thinks he knows why Hamlet was acting mad , but the audience knows Hamlet was pretending his actions. |Hamlet|I feel sympathy|He does not want to be discovered by anyone ,because he feels he has the right to avenge his father’s death and I agree with him. |Since the murdered of his father ,he is trying to avenge his death ,therefore he is plotting against King Claudius’s life ,and in order to succeed he needs to avoid any kind of suspiciousness, that is why he is pretending to be mad. |Polonius|I do not feel any of those towards this character|I do not feel anything towards this character ,because he does not know the true, he was just trying to find out why hamlet was acting that way. Polonius does not know the true ,he was told by his daughter that Hamlet was acting weird ,and he thought that was Hamlet’s love towards his daughter the cause of his madness. Polonius kept finding for the true, to the point he got killed in the act. Everyone thinks hamlet is acting mad ,but the audience and two others characters only know about hamlet faking his actions|Horatio|sympathy|I actually feel sympathy because of this character true friendship towards hamlet. |Horatio ,who is hamlet best friend, demonstrated his friendship by covering everything that happened in that room, which marked the beginning of hamlet’s plot against his uncle Claudius. | |Marcellus|sympathy|This man decided not to tell anyone about hamlet secret, and I admire him for that. This man ,despite being a mere soldier decided to cover up hamlet mission and alleged erratic behavior.

Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal People over the Past Century Essay Example

Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal People over the Past Century Essay Example Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal People over the Past Century Essay Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal People over the Past Century Essay Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal people over the past Century The rights and freedoms of Aboriginal Australians have changed tremendously over the past decade. The treatment given to the indigenous population of Australia has been an aggravating issue, ever since the white settlement in Australia. As a matter of protection, the Australian governments have implemented, rules, and policies such as, ‘the policy of protection’, assimilation, integration, paternalism, and self-determination, gradually taking away, and disempowering the Aboriginals, and their rights, and freedoms. Paternalism greatly affected individual Aboriginals. During the years of 1901 to 1914, many states and governments maintained similar attitudes and perspectives of the indigenous Australians. Predominantly, this perspective/attitude was based on the belief , that the Aboriginal population, were savages, uncivilised, and were regarded as much inferior or hold less mental capacity to determine what is best for them. This lead to paternalism. Paternalism is the meaning for ‘Fatherly’. This attitude led governments to take control over the Aboriginals, who are depicted to be unable to act for themselves. This act forced aboriginal people out of their traditional lands, the white Australians considered the need for agriculture land is much important for them rather than the Aboriginals. By extracting the Aboriginals from their lands and placing them on reserves, and providing them with adequate supplies of food, and other supplies, was thought as humane. The policy of Assimilation changed the freedom and rights of individual Aboriginal Australian. This policy fostered aboriginal people to change their, way of life, and adapt to the culture of white people the individual aboriginals were expected to absorb and adapt to the white culture. This policy was depicted to be ‘good’ for the indigenous population. The policy of Assimilation was difficult to enforce, as aboriginal people retaliated, and fought for the rights, and for the preservation of their culture and identity. This lead to the ‘Stolen-generation’ which involved the forceful removal of aboriginal children from their lands, and family. The children were then dispatched into institutions, or were adopted by white families. As a result the policy of Assimilation continued. The policy of protection was linked to the act of paternalism, which had two intentions that is to preserve and protect the aboriginals, and to educate the existing population, on western culture. From the intention of protecting the indigenous population, the aboriginals faced racism, discrimination, and the deterioration of their way of life. For example under the policy aboriginals could be moved onto reserves at any time, they required permission from the government to marry a white person, they could not vote. During the past century, Aboriginal people were forced to accept protectionism. Practicing and following their culture and way of life was strictly prohibited, therefore this policy had a great negative impact upon the aboriginals. For many decades, The Aboriginal organisations have made amendments for the removal of discriminatory references to aboriginal people individuals in Australia. The federal council for the aboriginals launched a campaign for a referendum. These campaigns were established in all states of Australia. In 1967 (45years ago) a referendum was held. During the referendum, one of the two questions asked was whether the derogatory statements and references to aboriginal people should be removed. The referendum has regularly been seen as providing full citizenship to aboriginals. The referendum and the constitutional changes were not quickly enforced however, over time this referendum changed the lives of aboriginals and their participation to the nation. This referendum changed the lives of aboriginal Australians as they are able to participate in mainstream events, and were able to sustain their way of life, and gained freedom. The rights and freedoms of the indigenous people continued to change as the policy of assimilation was changed into integration. Aboriginal people fought for the individual rights to participate and engage in activities in the mainstream society. Integration allowed aboriginal individuals, for the first time to, keep their way of life, culture, and customs. They were able to make personal decisions on how their life was meant to be. At the year 1965, the commonwealth conference on the aboriginal policy, changed the policy of assimilation to integration. Self-Determination is the fundamental right for a nation or a specific group of people to regulate all aspects of their lives such as, culture. This policy involved the indigenous people, to have complete right to navigate their basic needs and collective wants. This includes secure and private ownership of land, local community control of land, local community control of services, and community affairs. For Aboriginal communities, the ownership of a segment of land is vital approach for the achievement of self-determination. Self-determination is linked to many issues, such as the return of human remains and sacred material by museums, the recognition of customary law, access to culture and appropriate education, and culturally of appropriate housing communities. The establishment of Aboriginal owned organisations is an important step towards self-determination. In conclusion, it is evident that the Australian government practiced policies which restricted and controlled the rights and freedoms of the Aboriginal people. From the 1900’s, Policies such as, the policy of protection’, and, assimilation, had negative impact to the aboriginal way of life, and culture. However over the 1960’s policies such as, Integration, self-determination, and the constitutional referendum have brought aboriginals freedom, and rights. They are able to participate in mainstream events, regardless of their race, and were able to practice their way of live, and were able to preserve their cultural heritage. [emailprotected] com By: Gokul (10W)

(ZPICS), (RAC) and Healthcare Fraud Waste and Abuse Research Paper

(ZPICS), (RAC) and Healthcare Fraud Waste and Abuse - Research Paper Example Fundamentally, the practice of auditing started with the concept of oversight in which conventional Medicare auditing commenced with the practice of peer review organizations, commonly known as quality improvement organizations (QIOs) as was formerly established in 1982; and this program was designed to improve both efficiency and quality of Medicare services to the relevant patients; after this enactment, four major areas of Medicare were chosen for the purpose of scrutiny: care transitions, beneficiary protection, prevention and patient safety ((Blumen and Lenderman, 2010). the important legislation in the form of Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) was signed by George W. Bush on December 8, 2003 (About CMS, n.d.). In the following parts of this paper, first, background information has been provided in which basic information about healthcare system, fraud and abuse definitions have been given. It is followed by development segment in which more detailed view of the ZPICS and RACS ha ve been included. Subsequent to that, the HEAT uses have been elaborated in which examples pertaining to HEAT program and efficiency for delivering or satisfying the ultimate objectives of CMS. After this segment, impact section has been included in which the practical effort of these programs on the ground practices has been detailed. Before the summary part, strengths and weaknesses of these programs with regard to fraud, abuse and waste have been elucidated.

International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What International Law Is - Essay Example In an interesting twist of paradox, despite the pervasive and dynamic nature of international law, there has never been any lawmaking organ for the same. On the contrary, international law is a culmination of international accords, compromises, charters, conventions, agreements, protocols, memoranda, tribunals, and treaties. The history of international law can be traced as far back as 1815 when Austria’s prince Klemens W. von Metternich led other leading diplomats such as France’s Prince Talleyrand, Britain’s Duke of Wellington, Russia’s Tsar Alexander I, and Prussia’s King Frederick William into the Metternich System. This congressional approach to diplomacy is alternatively known as the Concert of Europe or the Congress System. From this development, international relations is seen to have developed, as Britain, Russia, Prussia, France and other players met in succeeding convents in the Congress of Vienna and Aix la Chappelle (1818). Imperialism and the quest to garner as many colonies as possible created the need to meet and draw out laws that would regulate how states related, even as they clamored for colonies. It is at this point that colonies’ and protectorates’ geopolitical boundaries were mapped out during the 1884-5 Berlin Conference to stave off the possibility of war in Europe over colonies. In this conference, the frameworks for public international law were laid, albeit in a remote sense. The League of Nations also served as a rallying point for international law, as states came together under its auspices to prevent a repeat of World War I. Of particular importance is Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, which strongly laid foundation for international trade, diplomacy, territorial integrity (in relation to the sea, land, and air), and human rights and freedoms among other principles. Although Wilson’s proposals were not adopted fully, one can see that they greatly upheld public and pri vate international law. As time proved the goals of the League of Nations untenable, the United Nations came up on June 26th, 1945, to facilitate international law, security, and socio-economic development. Over time, the United Nations has come to be the key platform upon which international law and diplomacy are deliberated, entrenched, and ratified. The UN has mechanisms that deal with thematic issues such as treaties, the law of seas, progressive development, and codification of international law and the internal justice system of the UN. Likewise, the UN has international courts and tribunals, legal training, resources, centers, and UN bodies to preside over international legal matters. Some of these bodies include the International Law Commission, the General Assembly Sixth Committee, and the UN Commission on International Trade Law (Rabkin, 2005). Together with sovereign states, all these organs play a crucial role in the generation of international law. Substantive differenc es between municipal (domestic) and international law abound. While municipal law governs intra-state relations, international law does inter-state relations. Secondly, the principal goal of municipal law is to ensure the existence of judicial and legislative systems that can enforce laws and  settle disputes effectively, on the one hand.

Operation Of TWT And Magnetrons

Operation Of TWT And Magnetrons A traveling-wave tube (TWT) is an electronic device used to amplify radio frequency signals to high power, usually in an electronic assembly known as a traveling-wave tube amplifier (TWTA). The bandwidth of a broadband TWT can be as high as three octaves, although tuned (narrowband) versions exist, and operating frequencies range from 300Â  MHz to 50Â  GHz. The voltage gain of the tube can be of the order of 70 decibels. Traveling-Wave Tubes Traveling-wave tubes (TWTs) are high-gain, low- noise, wide and width microwave amplifiers, capable of gains of 40 dB or more, with bandwidths of over an octave. (A bandwidth of 1 octave is one in which the upper frequency is twice the lower frequency.) TWTs have been designed for frequencies as low as 300 MHz and as high as 50 GHz. The primary use for TWTs is voltage amplification (although high-power TWTs, with characteristics similar to those of a power klystron, have been developed). Their wide bandwidth and low-noise characteristics make them ideal for use as RF amplifiers. CONSTRUCTION: The device is an elongated vacuum tube with an electron gun (a heated cathode that emits electrons) at one end. A magnetic containment field around the tube focuses the electrons into a beam, which then passes down the middle of a wire helix that stretches from the RF input to the RF output, the electron beam finally striking a collector at the other end. A directional coupler, which can be either a waveguide or an electromagnetic coil, fed with the low-powered radio signal that is to be amplified, is positioned near the emitter, and induces a current into the helix. The helix acts as a delay line, in which the RF signal travels at near the same speed along the tube as the electron beam. The electromagnetic field due to the RF signal in the helix interacts with the electron beam, causing bunching of the electrons (an effect called velocity modulation), and the electromagnetic field due to the beam current then induces more current back into the helix (i.e. the current builds up and thus is amplified as it passes down). A second directional coupler, positioned near the collector, receives an amplified version of the input signal from the far end of the helix. An attenuator placed on the helix, usually between the input and output helicies, prevents reflected wave from travelling back to the cathode. Higher powered TWTs usually contain beryllium oxide ceramic as both a helix support rod and in some cases, as an electron collector for the TWT because of its special electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. OPERATION AND WORKING While the electron beam in a klystron travels primarily in regions free of RF electric fields, the beam in a TWT is continually inter- acting with an RF electric field propagating along an external circuit surrounding the beam. To obtain amplification, the TWT must propagate a wave whose phase velocity is nearly synchronous with the dc velocity of the electron beam. It is difficult to accelerate the beam to greater than approximately one- fifth the velocity of light. Therefore, the forward velocity of the RF field propagating along the helix must be reduced to nearly that of the beam. The phase velocity in a waveguide, which is uniform in the direction of propagation, is always greater than the velocity of light. However, this velocity can be reduced below the velocity of light by introducing a periodic variation of the circuit in the direction of propagation. The simplest form of variation is obtained by wrapping the circuit in the form of a helix, whose pitch is equal to the desire d slowing factor. TWT MIXER.- A TWT is also used as a micro- wave mixer. By virtue of its wide bandwidth, the TWT can accommodate the frequencies generated by the heterodyning process (provided that the frequencies have been chosen to be within the range of the tube). The desired frequency is selected by the use of a filter on the output of the helix. A TWT mixer has the added advantage of providing gain as well as simply acting as a mixer. TWT MODULATION.- A TWT can be modulated by applying the modulating signal to a modulator grid. The modulator grid can be used to turn the electron beam on and off, as in pulsed microwave applications, or to control the density of the beam and its ability to transfer energy to the traveling wave. Thus, the grid can be used to amplitude modulate the output. TWT OSCILLATOR.- A forward-wave TWT can be constructed to serve as a microwave oscillator. Physically, a TWT amplifier and an oscillator differ in two major ways. The helix of the oscillator is longer than that of the amplifier, and there is no input connection to the oscillator. TWT oscillators are often called backward-wave oscillators (BWOs) or carcintrons. The Traveling-Wave Tube The TRAVELING-WAVE TUBE (twt) is a high-gain, low-noise, wide-bandwidth microwave amplifier. It is capable of gains greater than 40 dB with bandwidths exceeding an octave. (A bandwidth of 1 octave is one in which the upper frequency is twice the lower frequency.) Traveling-wave tubes have been designed for frequencies as low as 300 megahertz and as high as 50 gigahertz. The twt is primarily a voltage amplifier. The wide-bandwidth and low-noise characteristics make the twt ideal for use as an RF amplifier in microwave equipment. The physical construction of a typical twt is shown in figure 2-13. Fig-2 The twt contains an electron gun which produces and then accelerates an electron beam along the axis of the tube. The surrounding magnet provides a magnetic field along the axis of the tube to focus the electrons into a tight beam. The HELIX, at the center of the tube, is a coiled wire that provides a low-impedance transmission line for the RF energy within the tube. The RF input and output are coupled onto and removed from the helix by directional couplers that have no physical connection to the helix. If the RF energy is transported on coaxial cables, the coaxial couplers are wound in a helical manner similar to that shown in figure 2. If the RF energy is transported in waveguides, waveguide directional couplers are used. The attenuator prevents any reflected waves from traveling back down the helix. Physical construction of a twt. A simplified version of twt operation is shown in fig below. In the figure, an electron beam is passing along a nonresonant transmission line represente d by a straight wire. The input to the transmission line is an RF wave which travels on the line from input to output. The line will transport a wide range of RF frequencies if it is terminated in the characteristic impedance of the line. The electromagnetic waves traveling down the line produce electric fields that interact with the electrons of the beam. Fig:-3 If the electrons of the beam were accelerated to travel faster than the waves traveling on the wire, bunching would occur through the effect of velocity modulation. Velocity modulation would be caused by the interaction between the traveling-wave fields and the electron beam. Bunching would cause the electrons to give up energy to the traveling wave if the fields were of the correct polarity to slow down the bunches. The energy from the bunches would increase the amplitude of the traveling wave in a progressive action that would take place all along the length of the twt, as shown in figure . However, because the waves travel along the wire at the speed of light, the simple twt shown in figure 3 will not work. At present no way is known to accelerate an electron beam to the speed of light. Since the electron beam cannot travel faster than the wave on the wire, bunching will not take place and the tube will not work. The twt is therefore designed with a delay structure to slow the tra veling wave down to or below the speed of the electrons in the beam. A common twt delay structure is a wire, wound in the form of a long coil or helix, as shown in figure , view (A). The shape of the helix slows the effective velocity of the wave along the common axis of the helix and the tube to about one-tenth the speed of light. The wave still travels down the helix wire at the speed of light, but the coiled shape causes the wave to travel a much greater total distance than the electron beam. The speed at which the wave travels down the tube can be varied by changing the number of turns or the diameter of the turns in the helix wire. The helical delay structure works well because it has the added advantage of causing a large proportion of electric fields that are parallel to the electron beam. The parallel fields provide maximum interaction between the fields and the electron beam. In a typical twt, the electron beam is directed down the center of the helix while, at the same time, an RF signal is coupled onto the helix. The electrons of the beam are velocity-modulated by the electric fields produced by the RF signal. Amplification begins as the electron bunches form and release energy to the signal on the helix. The slightly amplified signal causes a denser electron bunch which, in turn, amplifies the signal even more. The amplification process is continuous as the RF wave and the electron beam travel down the length of the tube. Any portion of the twt output signal that reflects back to the input will cause oscillations within the tube which results in a decrease in amplification. Attenuators are placed along the length of the helix to prevent reflections from reaching the input. The attenuator causes a loss in amplitude, as can be seen in figure , view (B), but it can be placed so as to minimize losses while still isolating the input from the output. The rel atively low efficiency of the twt partially offsets the advantages of high gain and wide bandwidth. The internal attenuator reduces the gain of the tube, and the power required to energize the focusing magnet is an operational loss that cannot be recovered. The twt also produces heat which must be dissipated by either air-conditioning or liquid-cooling systems. All of these factors reduce the overall efficiency of the twt, but the advantages of high gain and wide bandwidth are usually enough to overcome the disadvantages. THE MAGNETRON The MAGNETRON, shown in figure 4-A, is a self-contained microwave oscillator that operates differently from the linear-beam tubes, such as the twt and the klystron. Figure 4-B is a simplified drawing of the magnetron. CROSSED-ELECTRON and MAGNETIC fields are used in the magnetron to produce the high-power output required in radar and communications equipment. Figure 4.A.-Magnetron Figure4 b.-Magnetron The magnetron is classed as a diode because it has no grid. A magnetic field located in the space between the plate (anode) and the cathode serves as a grid. The plate of a magnetron does not have the same physical appearance as the plate of an ordinary electron tube. Since conventional inductive- capacitive (LC) networks become impractical at microwave frequencies, the plate is fabricated into a cylindrical copper block containing resonant cavities which serve as tuned circuits. The magnetron base differs considerably from the conventional tube base. The magnetron base is short in length and has large diameter leads that are carefully sealed into the tube and shielded. The cathode and filament are at the center of the tube and are supported by the filament leads. The filament leads are large and rigid enough to keep the cathode and filament structure fixed in position. The output lead is usually a probe or loop extending into one of the tuned cavities and coupled into a waveguide or coaxial line. The plate structure, shown in figure 5, is a solid block of copper. The cylindrical holes around its circumference are resonant cavities. A narrow slot runs from each cavity into the central portion of the tube dividing the inner structure into as many segments as there are cavities. Alternate segments are strapped together to put the cavities in parallel with regard to the output. The cavities control the output frequency. The straps are circular, metal bands that are placed across the top of the block at the entrance slots to the cavities. Since the cathode must operate at high power, it must be fairly large and must also be able to withstand high operating temperatures. It must also have good emission characteristics, particularly under return bombardment by the electrons. This is because most of the output power is provided by the large number of electrons that are emitted when high-velocity electrons return to strike the cathode. The cathode is indirectly heated and is constructed of a high- emission material. The open space between the plate and the cathode is called the INTERACTION SPACE. In this space the electric and magnetic fields interact to exert force upon the electrons. Figure 5.-Cutaway view of a magnetron The magnetic field is usually provided by a strong, permanent magnet mounted around the magnetron so that the magnetic field is parallel with the axis of the cathode. The cathode is mounted in the center of the interaction space. BASIC MAGNETRON OPERATION.-Magnetron theory of operation is based on the motion of electrons under the influence of combined electric and magnetic fields. The following information presents the laws governing this motion. The direction of an electric field is from the positive electrode to the negative electrode. The law governing the motion of an electron in an electric field (E field) states: The force exerted by an electric field on an electron is proportional to the strength of the field. Electrons tend to move from a point of negative potential toward a positive potential. This is shown in figure 6. In other words, electrons tend to move against the E field. When an electron is being accelerated by an E field, as shown in figure 6, energy is taken from the field by the electron. Figure 6.-Electron motion in an electric field The law of motion of an electron in a magnetic field (H field) states: The force exerted on an electron in a magnetic field is at right angles to both the field and the path of the electron. The direction of the force is such that the electron trajectories are clockwise when viewed in the direction of the magnetic field. This is shown in figure 7. Figure 7.-Electron motion in a magnetic field In figure 7, assume that a south pole is below the figure and a north pole is above the figure so that the magnetic field is going into the paper. When an electron is moving through space, a magnetic field builds around the electron just as it would around a wire when electrons are flowing through a wire. In figure 7 the magnetic field around the moving electron adds to the permanent magnetic field on the left side of the electrons path and subtracts from the permanent magnetic field on the right side. This action weakens the field on the right side; therefore, the electron path bends to the right (clockwise). If the strength of the magnetic field is increased, the path of the electron will have a sharper bend. Likewise, if the velocity of the electron increases, the field around it increases and the path will bend more sharply. A schematic diagram of a basic magnetron is shown in figure 8A. The tube consists of a cylindrical plate with a cathode placed along the center axis of the p late. The tuned circuit is made up of cavities in which oscillations take place and are physically located in the plate. When no magnetic field exists, heating the cathode results in a uniform and direct movement of the field from the cathode to the plate, as illustrated in figure 8B. However, as the magnetic field surrounding the tube is increased, a single electron is affected, as shown in figure 9. In figure 9, view (A), the magnetic field has been increased to a point where the electron proceeds to the plate in a curve rather than a direct path. Figure 8A.-Basic magnetron. SIDE VIEW Figure 9.-Effect of a magnetic field on a single electron In view (B) of figure 9, the magnetic field has reached a value great enough to cause the electron to just miss the plate and return to the filament in a circular orbit. This value is the CRITICAL VALUE of field strength. In view (C), the value of the field strength has been increased to a point beyond the critical value; the electron is made to travel to the cathode in a circular path of smaller diameter. View (D) of figure 9. shows how the magnetron plate current varies under the influence of the varying magnetic field. In view (A), the electron flow reaches the plate, so a large amount of plate current is flowing. However, when the critical field value is reached, as shown in view (B), the electrons are deflected away from the plate and the plate current then drops quickly to a very small value. When the field strength is made still greater, as shown in view (C), the plate current drops to zero. When the magnetron is adjusted to the cutoff, or critical value of the plate current, and the electrons just fail to reach the plate in their circular motion, it can produce oscillations at microwave frequencies. These oscillations are caused by the currents induced electrostatically by the moving electrons. The frequency is determined by the time it takes the electrons to travel from the cathode toward the plate and back again. A transfer of microwave energy to a load is made possible by connecting an external circuit between the cathode and the plate of the magnetron. Magnetron oscillators are divided into two classes: NEGATIVE-RESISTANCE and ELECTRON-RESONANCE MAGNETRON OSCILLATORS. A negative-resistance magnetron oscillator is operated by a static negative resistance between its electrodes. This oscillator has a frequency equal to the frequency of the tuned circuit connected to the tube. An electron-resonance magnetron oscillator is operated by the electron transit time required for electrons to travel from cathode to plate. This oscillator is capable of generati ng very large peak power outputs at frequencies in the thousands of megahertz. Although its average power output over a period of time is low, it can provide very high-powered oscillations in short bursts of pulses.

Public Policing Versus Private Security Essay

When comparing private security to public law enforcement there are both many similarities and differences (COPS, 2012). Private security is paid by a private company or agency, whereas public policing is paid by government salaries and taxpayers (COPS, 2012). Public police officers have the authority to enforce laws and protect and serve society (COPS, 2012). Private security officers are paid to protect private property and personnel (COPS, 2012). Most of the duties that public policing and private security officers perform are similar (COPS, 2012). â€Å"Private security and public law enforcement share many of the same goals: preventing crime and disorder, identifying criminals, and ensuring the security of people and property† (COPS, 2012, P. 1). As there are two private security practitioners for every one sworn law enforcement officer, effective partnerships can act as a much needed force multiplier (COPS, 2012). The services that both officers perform are to achieve si milar goals, to prevent, and deter crimes (COPS, 2012). Public policing and private security officers serve as leaders while performing their duties (COPS, 2012). Public policing and private security officers have a positive impact on the criminal justice system (COPS, 2012). The impact that both of these companies have on the criminal justice system could be beneficial if both would team up, work together, and look toward the future (COPS, 2012). There are also several differences between public policing and private security (COPS, 2012).Even though both public policing and private security perform the same type of work, private security protects organizations and personnel (COPS, 2012). Public policing has the authority to enforce the laws and maintain order in society (COPS, 2012). Private security officers perform duties, where they protect, and deter crimes on private property (COPS, 2012). There are several distinct differences between public policing and private security (COPS, 2012). Public policing performs the following duties: maintains order, protects and serves the community, controls traffic, prevents crimes, and arrests offenders (COPS, 2012). Private security officers perform the following duties: serves as an escort, patrols business grounds and surrounding areas, such as parking lots, security guards, and transports valuables (COPS, 2012). Another difference between public policing and private security is  private security has the main concern of protecting corporate and personnel, although public policing has the main concern of public safety and seeking to enforce the laws of the criminal justice system (COPS, 2012). If a private security guard witnesses a crime outside their grounds or area of protection, it is their choice whether or not to engage in the situation (COPS, 2012). Another difference between public policing and private security is that public policing earns respect from the community, whereas private security does not earn that same r espect because they work for a company or an agency for profit (COPS, 2012). The community will have different views regarding private security because they do it for money (COPS, 2012). Public police officers do get paid but by the government, not a private organization (COPS, 2012). This brings questions about whether or not private security organizations are running their business with the right intentions in mind (COPS, 2012). Before the community will respect them they want to know money is not the main motivation (COPS, 2012). Both private security and public policing have several similarities and their duties overlap in several ways (COPS, 2012). Though still a minority, both of these agencies do employ women along with men (COPS, 2012). Both of these jobs use uniforms to show people who they are, deter crime, and show their authority (COPS, 2012). Both private security and public policing perform duties that uphold the law and keep the community and organizations crime-free (COPS, 2012). The leadership roles of both of the private and public sectors are fairly similar (COPS, 2012). They both have a paramilitary ranking system (COPS, 2012). Within the public policing ranking system there are officers, detectives, and sergeants (COPS, 2012). Each rank reports to the highest position with their rank (COPS, 2012). The officers report to the highest ranking officer within the government agency (COPS, 2012). Within the private sector, the positions are similar to public with a sergeant, corporal, and senior patrol officer (COPS, 2012). The company owner would be the highest rank within the private sector (COPS, 2012). Public policing and private security both play important roles in the criminal justice system (COPS, 2012). Both roles deter crime with their presence (COPS, 2012). Both roles can make an arrest, investigate crimes, and prevent crimes (COPS, 2012). Public policing and private security help keep members of the community safe (COPS, 2012). Another similarity of  public policing and private security is that both sectors need to have training (COPS, 2012). Depending on the duty, private security may not need as much training as public policing but both need training to perform their duties effectively (COPS, 2012). The different roles that public policing and private security play in the criminal justice system are both important (COPS, 2012).Public policing is bound by enforcing the laws and policies (COPS, 2012). Private security focuses more on keeping the company and personnel safe (COPS, 2012).Most private security is not bound by the same regulations that public police have to follow, such as reading an offender their Miranda Rights (COPS, 2012). There are three important elements that make up a comprehensive security plan, which are physical, personnel, and information security (COPS, 2012). The physical aspect of the security plan is building design, fences, locks, lighting, and alarm systems (COPS, 2012). Another aspect of physical security is security personnel (COPS, 2012). The physical aspect of the security plan may be the main focus on protecting and deterring crime (COPS, 2012). The personnel aspect of a security plan is protecting people within a company or organization and this comes from the presence of the security guard (COPS, 2012). Another aspect of personnel security is identification badges (COPS, 2012). Identification badges allow security officers to check the identity and the security clearance of individuals who come into the company (COPS, 2012). The information aspect of a comprehensive security plan has background checks (COPS, 2012). Another aspect of information security would be to put certain papers through a shredder and dispose important documents properly (COPS, 2012). One more aspect of information security would be to encrypt messages and codes (COPS, 2012). Encrypting files would provide security, so that no one would be able to access information (COPS, 2012). Public policing and private security of different similarities and differences; however, both have common goals in mind to protect and serve (COPS, 2012). Both of the goals of these agencies intertwine within each other (COPS, 2012). Both roles are important within the criminal justice system (COPS, 2012). Public policing has to abide by the laws and regulations that affect society that private security do not have to follow, such as reading a suspect their Miranda rights (COPS, 2012). The presence of private security helps provide services to the public police by handling small crimes, such as shoplifting,  security issues, business security, a nd surveillance (COPS, 2012). The service that private security provides frees up public police because in the past police officers had to respond to an abundance of calls (COPS, 2012). Private security does not protect society; their main focus is protecting companies and personnel (COPS, 2012).Public policing and private security need to work together as they head into the future to make society a safer place (COPS, 2012). However, the integrating of the public and private law enforcement needs to be a smooth transition. There are reservations about the integrations because of the main difference that comes to mind about the private sector is money. Regardless of anything, private security agencies are businesses making money. Usually, businesses are run in a manner so that they will make money. Law enforcement is a human services field, not a place to run as a business. Therefore, people will wonder if integration between the two sectors will change the focal point to a money-making business rather than a human services field. When money becomes the focal point of a human services field, things will be run differently and that may not be the best interest at heart for public policing. Privatizing everything would change the priorities, goals, and conditions of the entire justice system. References Private Security and Public Law enforcement. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=2034

Howard Gardner Biography

Howard Gardner was born on July 11, 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania. His parents were refugees from the period of the Nazis, in Germany. As a child he loved music, he later became a great pianist. As a young man he enrolled at Harvard University. Gardner started to study other careers but ended getting inspired by the works of Jean Piaget to study developmental psychology.He is married to Ellen Winner, a developmental psychologist who teaches at Boston College, and they have four children together He spent some time working with two different types of groups, normal and gifted children and brain-damaged adults, Gardner began developing a theory designed to synthesize his research and observations. In 1983, he wrote Frames of Mind  which outlined his theory of multiple intelligences. Gardner believed that people had multiple different ways of thinking and learning.He has since identified and described eight different kinds of intelligence which are: Visual-spatial intelligence Gardne r also identifies spatial ability as one which lasts longest into old age, Linguistic-verbal intelligence which Gardner takes account of the importance of language in thought, and also in terms of music , Mathematical intelligence, kinesthetic intelligence, Musical intelligence in which Gardner investigates neurological basis for the musical ability, Interpersonal intelligence is related to the ways in which we understand and respond to other people, Intrapersonal intelligence is mostly about our cognitive ability to understand ourselves as human beings and Naturalistic intelligence has to do with an individual's ability to perceive patterns in nature and to classify them. He has also believed that there might have been another possible addition of a ninth type which he refers to as â€Å"existential intelligence. Gardner’s theory has had one of the greatest impact in education In 1986 he started to teach at Harvard Graduate School of Education and began his role at Project Zero, which is a research group that focuses in human cognition with a special focus on the arts and was created by by the philosopher Nelson Goodman with the aim of improving learning in the Arts through research But Over this period Project Zero expanded from its original arts learning base to include research into learning across all types of things. Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences has not been accepted within academic psychology. However, it has met with a strongly positive response from many educators. After all, Gardner has been a great psychologist and his theory has inspired many educators, whether it hasn’t or has been accepted in psychology education.